{
  "_note": "US export-control performance thresholds as they applied to India, 1992–2026. `fp64_mflops` is the FP64-equivalent used for the chart; the conversion is stated per row and discussed in the piece. `tier` is the source tier from SOURCES.md.",
  "rows": [
    {"date": "1987-10-09", "regime": "COCOM-era case-by-case", "metric": "policy decision", "value": "X-MP/24 refused; X-MP/14 permitted with safeguards", "fp64_mflops": 420, "conversion": "X-MP/24 = 2 CPUs × 210 MFLOPS peak (Dongarra 2014 lists the X-MP/14se single CPU at 210)", "cite": "upi-1987", "tier": "primary", "kind": "event"},
    {"date": "1992-01-01", "regime": "US Commerce definition of an HPC", "metric": "CTP", "value": "195 MTOPS", "fp64_mflops": 195, "conversion": "1 MTOPS ≈ 1 MFLOPS for a 64-bit FP processor (CTP word-length factor L = 1/3 + 64/96 = 1.0)", "cite": "crs-rl31175", "tier": "secondary", "kind": "threshold"},
    {"date": "1994-01-01", "regime": "US Commerce HPC definition, revised", "metric": "CTP", "value": "1,500 MTOPS", "fp64_mflops": 1500, "conversion": "as above", "cite": "crs-rl31175", "tier": "secondary", "kind": "threshold"},
    {"date": "1996-01-25", "regime": "Computer Tier 3 (India), no licence required below", "metric": "CTP", "value": "2,000 MTOPS (7,000 to civilian end-users under G-CTP)", "fp64_mflops": 2000, "conversion": "as above", "cite": "61fr2099", "tier": "primary", "kind": "threshold"},
    {"date": "1998-11-19", "regime": "Post-Pokhran sanctions: presumption of denial above 2,000 MTOPS to listed Indian entities", "metric": "CTP", "value": "2,000 MTOPS", "fp64_mflops": 2000, "conversion": "as above", "cite": "63fr64322", "tier": "primary", "kind": "event"},
    {"date": "2000-02-01", "regime": "Tier 3, no licence required below (military end-users; civilian 12,300)", "metric": "CTP", "value": "6,500 MTOPS", "fp64_mflops": 6500, "conversion": "as above", "cite": "64fr42009", "tier": "primary", "kind": "threshold"},
    {"date": "2000-08-14", "regime": "Tier 3 (military 12,500; civilian 20,000)", "metric": "CTP", "value": "12,500 MTOPS", "fp64_mflops": 12500, "conversion": "as above", "cite": "65fr12919", "tier": "primary", "kind": "threshold"},
    {"date": "2001-02-26", "regime": "Tier 3, civil–military distinction removed", "metric": "CTP", "value": "28,000 MTOPS", "fp64_mflops": 28000, "conversion": "as above", "cite": "65fr60852", "tier": "primary", "kind": "threshold"},
    {"date": "2001-05-19", "regime": "Tier 3 licence threshold", "metric": "CTP", "value": "85,000 MTOPS", "fp64_mflops": 85000, "conversion": "as above", "cite": "66fr5443", "tier": "primary", "kind": "threshold"},
    {"date": "2002-03-03", "regime": "Tier 3 licence threshold", "metric": "CTP", "value": "190,000 MTOPS", "fp64_mflops": 190000, "conversion": "as above", "cite": "67fr10608", "tier": "primary", "kind": "threshold"},
    {"date": "2006-04-24", "regime": "ECCN 4A003.b (APP replaces CTP)", "metric": "APP", "value": "0.75 WT", "fp64_mflops": 833333, "conversion": "WT ÷ 0.9 (vector-processor weight) × 10^6; non-vector weight 0.3 would give 3× this", "cite": "71fr20876", "tier": "primary", "kind": "threshold"},
    {"date": "2011-06-24", "regime": "ECCN 4A003.b", "metric": "APP", "value": "1.5 WT", "fp64_mflops": 1666667, "conversion": "as above", "cite": "76fr36986", "tier": "primary", "kind": "threshold"},
    {"date": "2012-07-02", "regime": "ECCN 4A003.b", "metric": "APP", "value": "3.0 WT", "fp64_mflops": 3333333, "conversion": "as above", "cite": "77fr39354", "tier": "primary", "kind": "threshold"},
    {"date": "2014-08-04", "regime": "ECCN 4A003.b", "metric": "APP", "value": "8.0 WT", "fp64_mflops": 8888889, "conversion": "as above", "cite": "79fr45288", "tier": "primary", "kind": "threshold"},
    {"date": "2016-09-20", "regime": "ECCN 4A003.b", "metric": "APP", "value": "12.5 WT", "fp64_mflops": 13888889, "conversion": "as above", "cite": "81fr64656", "tier": "primary", "kind": "threshold"},
    {"date": "2017-09-25", "regime": "ECCN 4A003.b", "metric": "APP", "value": "16 WT", "fp64_mflops": 17777778, "conversion": "as above", "cite": "82fr38764", "tier": "primary", "kind": "threshold"},
    {"date": "2018-10-24", "regime": "ECCN 4A003.b", "metric": "APP", "value": "29 WT", "fp64_mflops": 32222222, "conversion": "as above", "cite": "83fr53742", "tier": "primary", "kind": "threshold"},
    {"date": "2022-10-07", "regime": "ECCN 3A090 (new, chips; China and D:1/D:4/D:5 — India not covered)", "metric": "TPP + interconnect", "value": "TPP ≥ 4,800 and ≥ 600 GB/s", "fp64_mflops": 75000000, "conversion": "TPP = FLOPS × bit length, evaluated at the chip's fastest precision; 4,800 ÷ 64 bits = 75 TFLOPS if FP64 were the fastest, 300 TFLOPS FP16, 600 TOPS INT8", "cite": "87fr62186", "tier": "primary", "kind": "threshold-other"},
    {"date": "2023-02-24", "regime": "ECCN 4A003.b", "metric": "APP", "value": "70 WT", "fp64_mflops": 77777778, "conversion": "as above", "cite": "88fr12108", "tier": "primary", "kind": "threshold"},
    {"date": "2023-11-17", "regime": "ECCN 3A090.a revised (TPP ≥ 4,800, or ≥ 1,600 with performance density ≥ 5.92); 3A090.b added", "metric": "TPP + density", "value": "TPP ≥ 4,800", "fp64_mflops": 75000000, "conversion": "as above", "cite": "88fr73458", "tier": "primary", "kind": "threshold-other"},
    {"date": "2025-01-13", "regime": "Framework for AI Diffusion: India in Tier 2, country cap on 3A090 chips", "metric": "TPP, per-country allocation", "value": "3A090.a chips licence-required worldwide; Tier 2 cap ≈ 50,000 H100-equivalents to 2027", "fp64_mflops": 75000000, "conversion": "as above", "cite": "90fr4544", "tier": "primary", "kind": "event"},
    {"date": "2025-05-13", "regime": "AI Diffusion framework rescinded", "metric": "", "value": "Tier system withdrawn; 3A090 thresholds retained", "fp64_mflops": 75000000, "conversion": "", "cite": "kirkland-2025", "tier": "secondary", "kind": "event"},
    {"date": "2026-01-15", "regime": "Licence review for China/Macau: case-by-case below TPP 21,000 and 6,500 GB/s DRAM bandwidth", "metric": "TPP", "value": "TPP < 21,000", "fp64_mflops": 328000000, "conversion": "21,000 ÷ 64", "cite": "91fr1684", "tier": "primary", "kind": "event"}
  ]
}